摘 要《德伯家的苔丝》是由19世纪英国最著名的批判现实主义作家哈代所作，是他最为有影响力的一部巨著。这部作品描写了苔丝的悲剧一生。主人公苔丝在精神上和肉体上受到两个男性的摧残，由一个美丽纯真的少女转变成世俗偏见的受害者。本文采用文本细读和分析的方法，通过对小说中社会环境的描写，再从人物性格和当时的宗教原因着手，由此揭露出苔丝悲剧的命运是当时的社会所造成的，是一个时代思想、传统、秩序的局限所造成的结果。除此之外，这与她自身性格的弱点也是很不开的，因为她对命运有着反抗的一面也有妥协的一面。所以作为普通人的苔丝与当时社会的抗争是无助的，最终会像所有一切与道德伦理相悖的事物一样，被沦为社会的牺牲品。36536
毕业论文关键词：悲剧；环境；伦理道德；性格；命运
Abstract Tess of the D’Urbervilles was written by Thomas Hardy who was a famous critical realistic writer at the turn of the 19th century in England; It is the most influential one of all his works. This work describes the tragedy of Tess. Tess is devastated by two men in the mentally and physically, by a lively girl into a secular bias of the victims. The article describes the society environment, then begins to analysis of the characters’ personality and religion factors open to at that time. Tess’s tragic life is caused by that society and it’s the result of that time. Except this, it can’t be separated from her own weakness in character, because she obviously has the dual nature of the society character --resistance and compromise. As a common person, Tess fought with the society helplessly. In the end, she turned out to be the sacrificial victim of the society like all other things which disobey the morality and ethic.
Key words: tragedy; environment; moral ethic; character; fate
Contents
摘 要...i
Abstract...ii
I. Introduction..1
II. The Social Factors of Tess’s tragedy 3
2.1 Social environment caused the tragedy of Tess3
2.2 Social Moral Factors Caused the Tragedy of Tess4
2.3 Patriarchy Caused Tess’s Tragic.5
2.3.1 Alec-the Initiator of Evil......5
 2.3.2 Clare-A Hypocrite6
 2.3.3 Tess-Terrible Self-identity6
III. The Personality Factors of Tess’s Tragedy...7
3.1 The Kindness and Purity..7
3.2 The Weakness8
3.3 Hesitance..8
IV. The Factors of Fate Caused Tess’s Tragedy.9
4.1 Tess’s Tragedy Was Influenced by Hardy’s Pessimism.....10
4.2 The Tendency of Tess’s Fatalism10
4.3 Mysterious Factors Controlled Tess’s Fate11
V. Conclusion12
Bibliography14
Acknowledgements15
The Causes of Tess’s Tragedy
I. Introduction
Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) June 2, 1840 was born in southwest England, a small village. He is one of the greatest English poet and novelist across two centuries. Hardy is famous for his depictions of the imaginary country Wessex. Success has masked the Wessex novels left a profound impression. His work reflected his stoical pessimism and sense of tragedy in human life (women especially), and of deep changes of social economy, politics, ethic and custom after the invasion of capitalism into the English countryside and towns. They exposed the hypocrisies of the capitalistic ethics, law and religion, which inherited the excellent tradition of realistic criticism as well as exploited a road for English literature in the 20th century.
Hardy wrote nearly 20 long novels in his life, the most famous novels are The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886),Tess of the D’Urbervilles (1891),Jude the Obscure(1896).His works reflected the changed of social economy, political, moral and tradition when the hypocritical bourgeoisie invaded the countries in England.
    As a transitional writer, Hardy was influenced by the past and the modern, so he is known as intellectually advanced and emotional traditional writer. In his novels on the one hand he showed an apparent nostalgic feeling in his description of the simple and beautiful though primitive rural life, which was gradually declining and disappearing as England marched into an industrial country. On the other hand, the immense impact of scientific discoveries and modern philosophic thoughts upon man is quite obvious too. 论苔丝悲剧的成因:http://www.751com.cn/yingyu/lunwen_35024.html