Experiences from Introducing State-of-the-art Real-Time Techniques in the Automotive Industry Abstract The use of state-of-the-art real-time techniques in industry remains infrequent. The reason for this, we believe, is three-fold: the lack of commercially available tools, the lack of methodologies based on real-time theory throughout the complete development process, and the lack of competence in real-time theory among industrial practitioners.36397
In this paper we present a case study of the introduction of state-of-the-art real-time techniques in industry. The case study was performed as a collaboration between Mälardalen University and the industrial partners Volvo Construction Equipment Components AB (VCE) and TietoEnator ArosTech AB. VCE develops computer control systems for construction equipment vehicles, such as wheel loaders, graders, and articulated haulers. TietoEnator ArosTech is a firm of consultants with recognized competence in the field of embedded real-time systems. The contribution of this paper consists of the findings from the introduction of a method and real-time techniques into an industrial project. The main result reported can be summarized as “people, not papers, transfer technology”.

1 Introduction
Development of complex embedded systems is an expanding field, i.e., more and more applications are being based on the use of embedded computers. Examples include highly complex systems such as medical control equipment, mobile phones, and vehicle control systems.
Most of such embedded systems can also be characterized as real-time systems. “Real-time systems” are defined as those systems in which the correctness of the system depends not only on the logical result of the computation, but also on the time when the results are produced
The increased complexity of these systems leads to increasing demands with respect to requirements engineering, high level design, early error detection, productivity, integration, verification, and maintenance. This calls for methods, models, and tools which permit a controlled and structured working procedure during the complete life cycle of the system
Many methods such as UML-RT and HRT-HOOD are available for designing real-time systems. These methods, however, tend to concentrate on logical and structural decomposition, providing limited support for expressing and analyzing the temporal behavior of the system. Furthermore, the tools currently available provide limited support for automatic mapping from the design to a resource structure, especially with respect to temporal attributes. This often leads to discrepancy between the design and the implementation, and consequently the system will be difficult to maintain.
As an alternative we have developed a model and method focused on the real-time properties of a system. The objective of the model and method is to support the development of a high level design, including specification of properties such as temporal constraints, communication and synchronization. Furthermore, the model and method support formal verification of these properties, and early system integration, and permit regression testing.
The aim of this paper is to present our findings from the introduction of this model and method in an industrial project, performed as a cooperation between Mälardalen University, Volvo Construction Equipment AB (VCE), and TietoEnator ArosTech AB in Sweden. The validity of these findings is based on a single but extensive case study of one industrial project. Some of our findings are confirmed by similar results from other industrial projects utilizing state-of-the-art real-time techniques
VCE has used onboard electronics in their products since 1981 for specific functionality. More and more functionality can be provided by the computer control system and this has led to an increasing number of people being involved in the evelopment of each product, and thus a need for uniform development methods and tools.
This was the motivation for the co-operation. Since a new architecture was to be developed, we were given the opportunity to introduce new techniques and methods. 汽车行业引入先进的实时技术英文文献和中文翻译:http://www.751com.cn/fanyi/lunwen_34817.html