Abstract: Nature works hard to destroy bearings, but their chances of survival can be improved by following a few simple guidelines. Extreme neglect in a bearing leads to overheating and possibly seizure or, at worst, an explosion. But even a failed bearing leaves clues as to what went wrong. After a little detective work, action can be taken to avoid a repeat performance.  Keywords: bearings failures life.36293
Bearings fail for a number of reasons, but the most common are misapplication, contamination, improper lubricant, shipping or handling damage, and misalignment. The problem is often not difficult to diagnose because a failed bearing usually leaves telltale signs about what went wrong.
 However, while a postmortem yields good information, it is better to avoid the process altogether by specifying the bearing correctly in The first place, To do this, it is useful to review the manufacturers sizing guidelines and operating characteristics for the selected bearing.
 Equally critical is a study of requirements for noise, torque, and runout, as well as possible exposure to contaminants, hostile liquids, and temperature extremes. This can provide further clues as to whether a bearing is right for a job.
1 Why bearings fail
About 40% of ball bearing failures are caused by contamination from dust, dirt, shavings, and corrosion. Contamination also causes torque and noise problems, and is often the result of improper handling or the application environment, Fortunately, a bearing failure caused by environment or handling contamination is preventable, and a simple visual examination can easily identify the cause.
Conducting a postmortem il1ustrates what to look for on a failed or failing bearing, Then, understanding the mechanism behind the failure, such as brinelling or fatigue, helps eliminate the source of the problem.
Brinelling is one type of bearing failure easily avoided by proper handing and assembly. It is characterized by indentations in the bearing raceway caused by shock loadingsuch as when a bearing is dropped-or incorrect assembly. Brinelling usually occurs when loads exceed the material yield point(350,000 psi in SAE 52100 chrome steel),It may also be caused by improper assembly, Which places a load across the races, Raceway dents also produce noise, vibration , and increased torque. 
A similar defect is a pattern of elliptical dents caused by balls vibrating between raceways while the bearing is not turning,This problem is called false brinelling. It occurs on equipment in transit or that vibrates when not in operation. In addition, debris created by false brinelling acts like an abrasive, further contaminating the bearing. Unlike brinelling, false binelling is often indicated by a reddish color from fretting corrosion in the lubricant.
False brinelling is prevented by eliminating vibration sources and keeping the bearing well lubricated. Isolation pads on the equipment or a separate foundation may be required to reduce environmental vibration. Also a light preload on the bearing helps keep the balls and raceway in tight contact. Preloading also helps prevent false brinelling during transit.
 Seizures can be caused by a lack of internal clearance, improper lubrication, or excessive loading. Before seizing, excessive, friction and heat softens the bearing steel. Overheated bearings often change color, usually to blue-black or straw colored, Friction also causes stress in the retainer, which can break and hasten bearing failure.
Premature material fatigue is caused by a high load or excessive preload, When these conditions are unavoidable, bearing life should be carefully calculated so that a maintenance scheme can be worked out.
Another solution for fighting premature fatigue is changing material, When standard bearing materials, such as 440C or SAE 52100,do not guarantee sufficient life, specialty materials can be recommended. In addition, when the problem is traced back to excessive loading, a higher capacity bearing or different configuration may be used. 延长轴承寿命英文文献和中文翻译:http://www.751com.cn/fanyi/lunwen_34670.html