Then, the data are loaded intoappropriate reference tables for efficient query performance,analysis, reporting or datamining by the user, through differentavailable tools, such as web applications or crystal reports.A relevant data mining tool is On-Line Analytical Processing(OLAP), which provides a service for accessing, viewing andanalyzing large volumes of data with high flexibility andperformance. The essential characteristic of OLAP is that itenables a numerical and statistical analysis of data organizedin a multi-dimension [72,74].DW typically uses multidimensional, as well as relational,storage structures [68]. The multidimensional structure phys-ically stores the data in array-like structures that are simi-lar to a data cube. In the relational structure, the data arestored in a relational database using a special schema (star orsnowflake) instead of a traditional design. The developed sys-temin the present study uses a relational structure, consideringstar schema.Multidimensional OLAP is used for a multidimensionaldatabase system, and a relational OLAP for a relational databasesystem. The relational OLAP is designed to remove the technicalconstraints of traditional data access methods, resulting in afaster response and ease of use [75].A number of research studies on DW applications in theconstruction industry [76–80] show that it has considerableapplication potential. Historical data storage and access, dataextraction from different internal and external data sources,data cleansing and analysis, and OLAP capability in reportretrieving are main characteristics of data warehousing, whichencouraged authors to consider it for the present systemdevelopment.Different departments exist in a construction company, andeach of them has its own activities and work procedures. Thesedepartments may use their own Information Systems (IS). Onthe other hand, a company normally has several projects thatcould also have their own IS. These systems are considered asdata marts for the main office data warehouse. A data mart isa subset of an organizational data store, usually oriented to aspecific purpose. The developed system uses the data marts tocalculate employee performances and provide different reports,using OLAP capabilities.Thus, the data warehousing technique could be a proper so-lution for companies to develop integrated database manage-ment systems and decision tools.3. Methodology and system developmentThe methodology was based on developing a web-basedoffice automation system for performance measurement usinga data warehousing technique. Considering the results of aliterature survey, the systemdevelopment took place in almosttwo years. Then consulting with some experts in both fields ofmanagement and IT, the primary pilot model was revised andthe present system was developed and ready to be practicallychecked at the end of 2009.The developed system consists of three major parts includ-ing databases, user interfaces and web applications. MicrosoftVisual Studio 2008 was used to develop the main structure ofthe system. Microsoft Visual Studio is an Integrated Develop-ment Environment (IDE) from Microsoft, which can be used todevelop console and graphical user interface applications alongwith web sites, web applications and web services [81]. Thedatabase of the system was created using the Microsoft SQLServer 2005, which is a Relational Database Management Sys-tem(RDBMS).User interfaces andweb pages of the systemweredesigned and developed using ASP.NET which is used to builddynamic web sites, web applications and web services. C# (CSharp) was used to connect database, user interfaces and webapplications. The OBS of the company will be developed by PMSS, and anemployee will be assigned to each position in OBS. Personnelprofiles and login accounts will then be created. The users canaccess the system through an authentication page. Differentdepartments, projects, activities and their related datawill thenbe defined. Users can use the message transfer mechanism ofPMSS to send and receive work. The performance of each workundertaken is measured in three dimensions, namely time,cost and quality, and the performance of the employee will becalculated using the proposed formulas. A sample applicationdiagram of PMSS is shown in Figure 1.Various tables and databases are used to develop the system.An organization structure table is used to develop the OBS of thecompany. The departments and profiles of company employeesare defined in the profile table. Projects and their relateddata are entered into the system through the tables, namedas project, activity type, activity group, activity and resource.The heart of the system is the message table, which has thecapability of transferring data, sending and receivingmessages,measuring performances and storing all reports. The DW thenuses the databases from different departments and projects toextract the necessary data to perform the required queries. Themessage table, shown in Figure 1, is not physically connectedto other tables, since it can also be used by external userslike clients, consultants, contractors and material suppliers,which are not placed in the organizational structure of thecompany. Therefore, it uses logical relations with other tables.The organization structure table has a ‘‘one to many’’ relationwhich means that each position in the OBS can have severalpositions under it.Although the construction industry still prefers traditionalhard copy documentation [1], PMSS aims to encourageconstruction companies to use IT and Internet facilities byits motivation system. The system will be installed on thecompany’s main server and each user can login through theInternet. 质量管理体系中的绩效衡量英文文献和中文翻译(2):http://www.751com.cn/fanyi/lunwen_53343.html